David Dexter, scientific director at Parkinson’s UK Brain Bank, told New Scientist that he had never seen an adult brain like this before: “We do get the odd individual where certain sulci are missing but nothing to the extent of this brain.”

The lack of grooves (sulci) and folds (gyri) that characterize a human brain are due to a rare condition called lissencephaly. The disorder is caused by abnormal neuronal migration during embryonic development.

^{Image Credit: Adam Voorhes. Book: Malformed: Forgotten Brains of the Texas State Mental Hospital. The smooth brain is on the bottom, second to the right.}

To learn more about this rare find, Voorhes spent over a year trying to hunt down the details of this and the approximately 100 other human brains in the collection. He sifted through a century’s worth of documents and found a history rife with battle for ownership of the collection. However, nothing about the specific individual came to light.

People with similar though less extensive forms of lissencephaly often experience difficulty swallowing, muscle spasms, seizures, and learning difficulties. Many individuals with this condition die before the age of 10.

All the brains in the collection are from patients at the Austin State Mental Hospital and were subsequently preserved in jars of formaldehyde. For more than 20 years, the brains were forgotten about in a dark closet somewhere in the back of an animal lab. While all the rediscovered brains are considered disfigured or abnormal in some way, a brain with so few folds and grooves is a rarity amongst the rare.

^{Image Credit: Adam Voorhes. Book: Malformed: Forgotten Brains of the Texas State Mental Hospital}

Currently, the University of Texas is working on documenting the brains in more detail with an MRI scanner. Upon conclusion, the brains will be put on display at the Imaging Research Center on campus.